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Farmer holding a tablet with autonomous tractor

<h3>The Evolution of Agricultural Machinery</h3><p>In recent years, farming has seen some exciting changes, especially with the rise of autonomous tractors and harvesters. These machines are making farm work more efficient and less labor-intensive.</p><p>Using GPS, sensors, and artificial intelligence, autonomous tractors and harvesters can navigate fields, plant seeds, and harvest crops all on their own. GPS ensures they follow precise routes, making sure every inch of the field is covered. Sensors monitor soil moisture, crop health, and obstacles, providing real-time data that helps these machines make smart decisions.</p><p>Artificial intelligence is the brain behind these systems, allowing them to learn and improve over time. This means that they get better at predicting the best times to plant and harvest, boosting overall productivity.</p><p>For farmers, this technology is a game-changer. It addresses labor shortages, reduces production costs, and allows them to focus on more strategic tasks. With autonomous machinery, farming is becoming more sustainable and efficient, paving the way for a brighter future in agriculture. However, we are in the initial stages of its implementation and start up costs are considerable.</p><p> This blog post will provide a broad overview with specific focus on autonomous tractors and harvesters. It will also provide a discussion surrounding&nbsp; the benefits, challenges, and what the future of autonomous farming machinery may bring.</p><figure id="figure-chbwrwk81ylyx0prl6" class=""><img id="chbwrwk81ylyx0prl6" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1473236368/photo/farmer-with-digital-tablet-controls-an-autonomous-tractor.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=orErzkRP0eLSjc9kYflvNfgwtRRn4kRY66JPRFT74sI=" alt="Farmer with digital tablet controls an autonomous tractor" title="Farmer with digital tablet controls an autonomous tractor" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1473236368/photo/farmer-with-digital-tablet-controls-an-autonomous-tractor.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=orErzkRP0eLSjc9kYflvNfgwtRRn4kRY66JPRFT74sI=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Benefits of Autonomous Machinery</h3><p>There are several benefits to using autonomous tractors and harvesters. Firstly, they can work around the clock. Unlike humans, these machines don’t need breaks or sleep, so farmers can get more done in less time, especially during critical planting and harvesting periods.&nbsp;</p><p>Another big advantage is precision. Autonomous machines can plant seeds at exact depths and spacing, leading to better crop yields and less waste. They also detect and avoid obstacles, reducing the risk of damage to crops and equipment. For example, John Deere introduced an autonomous tractor that can be operated via a smartphone app. It uses six pairs of stereo cameras for 360-degree obstacle detection and GPS for precise navigation.&nbsp;According to a study conducted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, this type of autonomous machinery can increase crop yields by up to 5-10% due to more precise planting and harvesting techniques.<br></p><p>Additionally, these machines collect valuable data on soil conditions, crop health, and field productivity. Farmers can use this information to make smarter decisions, improving yields and sustainability. For instance, acquired by John Deere, Blue River Technology's See &amp; Spray system uses machine learning to identify and spray weeds selectively, rather than blanket-spraying entire fields. This technology can reduce herbicide use by up to 90%, significantly lowering costs and environmental impact. Furthermore, Smart Ag developed AutoCart, a system that automates grain cart operations during harvest. AutoCart can improve harvest efficiency by up to 20%, as it allows a single operator to manage multiple tasks simultaneously.</p><figure id="figure-dc6ih7qvpqlyx7my80"><img id="dc6ih7qvpqlyx7my80" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1160967785/photo/autonomous-harvester.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=UfUTqWjY9p_hcu8sYMNPxIHVhsnRLKyWm0aw7DdDvKo=" alt="Autonomous harvester" title="Autonomous harvester" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: undefined undefined;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1160967785/photo/autonomous-harvester.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=UfUTqWjY9p_hcu8sYMNPxIHVhsnRLKyWm0aw7DdDvKo=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: undefined undefined;"></figure><h3>Challenges and Considerations</h3><p>Although there are a series of benefits, there are challenges to adopting autonomous machinery which must be emphasised. The most obvious concern is the cost. These machines are expensive to buy and maintain. Farmers need to decide if the investment will pay off in the long run. </p><p>While autonomous machinery can cut labor costs by 40-60%, the initial investment is substantial. For example, a standard new tractor typically costs between €27,000 and €139,000, depending on its size and features. In contrast, an autonomous tractor starts at around €200,000 (small size and limited features) and significantly goes up in price. Similarly, a traditional combine harvester (new) typically ranges from €150,000 to €372,000 based on its size and capabilities, while an autonomous combine harvester generally begins at €465,000. These significant price differences highlight the higher upfront costs of autonomous equipment.</p><p>Another challenge is the need for technical knowledge. Farmers must learn to operate and troubleshoot these advanced machines, which can be daunting for those not familiar with technology. Training and support are essential, but they require time and signifiant monetary resources.</p><p>Reliability in harsh field conditions is also a concern. Dust, mud, and extreme weather can affect the performance of these machines, and farmers need confidence that they will work consistently without frequent breakdowns.</p><p>Integrating autonomous machinery with existing equipment and workflows can be complex, potentially requiring additional adjustments or investments.</p><p>Whilst autonomous machinery offers many benefits, the high costs, technical demands, reliability issues, integration challenges, and broader impacts are significant hurdles. Farmers need to carefully weigh these factors and seek adequate support to adopt these technologies successfully.</p><figure id="figure-f6bi2l2allyx7span"><img id="f6bi2l2allyx7span" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1139130523/photo/autonomous-tractor.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=E441miwRXFXMYvHmOJ9o1yOc39A6WuVpT4mYswkTxkw=" alt="Autonomous tractor" title="Autonomous tractor" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1139130523/photo/autonomous-tractor.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=E441miwRXFXMYvHmOJ9o1yOc39A6WuVpT4mYswkTxkw=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>The Future of Farming</h3><p>The future of farming is promising with the rise of autonomous tractors and harvesters. Currently, less than 5% of farmers worldwide use fully autonomous machinery, but this percentage is higher in developed countries with advanced agricultural sectors. For instance, around 10% of larger farms in the U.S. have integrated some form of autonomous equipment. As technology advances, these machines will become more affordable and easier to use, allowing more farmers to benefit from their capabilities.&nbsp;</p><p>In the near future, autonomous machines are expected to feature even more advanced capabilities. They might be able to analyze soil conditions in real-time and automatically adjust planting and farming strategies, leading to higher crop yields and more efficient resource use. This will make farming practices more sustainable and productive.</p><p>Moreover, evolving technology will enhance connectivity and data-sharing between machines. This will enable them to coordinate and work together more effectively. Improved data analytics will offer farmers valuable insights, leading to better decision-making and more efficient farm management. As costs decrease and technology becomes more accessible, the adoption of autonomous machinery is set to grow significantly, making farming increasingly efficient and productive.</p><figure id="figure-5xt0tg85xolyx7r013" class=""><img id="5xt0tg85xolyx7r013" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1157778009/photo/autonomous-tractor.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=ljRjiJe3lvafzOPgLrf4yr6PWvaseW0K7DJlDJSWoaw=" alt="Autonomous tractor" title="Autonomous tractor" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1157778009/photo/autonomous-tractor.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=ljRjiJe3lvafzOPgLrf4yr6PWvaseW0K7DJlDJSWoaw=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In summary, the rise of autonomous tractors and harvesters is transforming farming. These advanced machines, using GPS, sensors, and AI, are making farm work more efficient and precise. They address labor shortages and cut production costs, leading to more sustainable and productive farming.</p><p>However, adopting this technology comes with challenges, such as high costs and the need for technical know-how. Farmers need to balance these initial investments with the long-term benefits of greater efficiency.</p><p>Looking ahead, as autonomous machinery becomes more affordable and capable, its use is set to increase. Future innovations, like real-time soil analysis and better data-sharing, will make farming even more efficient, driving higher yields and smarter resource use.</p><p><br></p><p>*By Anne Hayden MSc., Founder, The Informed Farmer Consultancy.<br></p>

Revolutionising Agriculture: The Rise of Autonomous Tractors and Harvesters

Excessive road flooding due to spring tides and heavy rain

<h3>Understanding Climate Change and Its Effects on Farming</h3><p>Climate change is significantly impacting Irish agriculture, influencing farming practices and crop yields in profound ways and will continue to do so. </p><p>As temperatures fluctuate and weather patterns become less predictable, farmers are facing new challenges in managing their crops and livestock. Shifts in rainfall patterns and increased frequency of extreme weather events such as storms and droughts are disrupting traditional farming routines. Additionally, rising temperatures are altering growing seasons and affecting the suitability of certain crops for Irish soil. </p><p>In an effort to mitigate this, Irish farmers are increasingly adopting sustainable practices and exploring resilient crop varieties to lessen these impacts and ensure continued productivity in the face of a changing climate.</p><figure id="figure-3pt3at7lilymwfenz"><img id="3pt3at7lilymwfenz" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1056884976/photo/burnt-field.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=gm8V0teDt2eMxJhMOStu8SX6a3htTi_oXz0q8YodiJE=" alt="burnt field" title="burnt field" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1056884976/photo/burnt-field.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=gm8V0teDt2eMxJhMOStu8SX6a3htTi_oXz0q8YodiJE=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Shifts in Growing Seasons - early frosts or unexpected heatwaves.</h3><p>&nbsp;<br>In Ireland, farmers face significant challenges due to shifts in growing seasons, such as early frosts or unexpected heatwaves. Over the past century, the country has seen average temperatures rise by approximately 0.8°C. This rise in temperature has had profound impacts on the agricultural landscape, altering the conditions under which crops are grown and harvested. Additionally, Ireland is now 20 times more likely than it was 80 years ago to experience its highest ever recorded temperature, which stands at 33.3 degrees Celsius. This dramatic increase in the likelihood of extreme temperatures underscores the growing unpredictability of weather patterns in the region.</p><p>These changing weather patterns are significantly contributing to an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Early frosts can devastate crops that are not yet ready for harvest, while unexpected heatwaves can disrupt traditional planting and harvesting schedules, leading to reduced yields and financial losses for farmers. The variability in weather conditions makes it increasingly difficult for farmers to plan and execute their agricultural activities effectively. Moreover, Ireland has observed a notable increase in extreme weather events. For example, severe storms like Storm Ophelia in 2017 and prolonged drought periods have severely impacted crop health and yield.&nbsp;</p><p>To navigate these challenges, farmers must continually adapt by closely monitoring weather forecasts and making timely adjustments to their agricultural practices. This might include altering planting and harvesting schedules, investing in resilient crop varieties, or implementing advanced irrigation systems to mitigate the effects of drought. Additionally, farmers may need to employ new technologies and practices to enhance their ability to respond to sudden weather changes and protect their livelihoods.</p><h3>Impact on Soil Health</h3><p>Soil health stands as a cornerstone of successful farming practices, crucial for sustainable agriculture in Ireland. Climate change poses significant threats to soil quality, manifesting in increased erosion rates, nutrient depletion, and fluctuating moisture levels. Erosion affects about 70% of Irish agricultural land, to some extent. Intensive rainfall events associated with climate change exacerbate soil erosion, leading to loss of fertile topsoil and reduced agricultural productivity. Similarly, around 70% of Irish soils are deficient in phosphorus, a key nutrient for crop growth.</p><p>These changes can directly impact crop productivity and the long-term viability of farming operations across the country. Irish farmers are adopting proactive soil conservation strategies to mitigate these challenges. These include practices such as; crop rotation, cover cropping, and reduced tillage methods, aimed at preserving soil structure, enhancing nutrient retention, and improving water infiltration. By prioritising soil health management, Irish farmers not only ensure the resilience of their land against climate impacts but also contribute to sustainable agricultural practices for future generations. For instance, cover crops has increased by 30% in recent years, contributing to enhanced soil structure and nutrient retention.<br>&nbsp;</p><figure id="figure-waotfe5qrnlymwfghr" class=""><img id="waotfe5qrnlymwfghr" src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1622381638659-e7e9044fb614?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wyNjI5NjF8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxMnx8c29pbCUyMGhlYWx0aHxlbnwwfHx8fDE3MjEwNDI3NzB8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" alt="soil health" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9;" data-mce-src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1622381638659-e7e9044fb614?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wyNjI5NjF8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwxMnx8c29pbCUyMGhlYWx0aHxlbnwwfHx8fDE3MjEwNDI3NzB8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9;"></figure><h3>Pests and Diseases. Farmers must stay vigilant and adopt integrated pest management strategies.</h3><p>Integrated pest management (IPM) practices, such as using resistant crop varieties and natural predators, are crucial for addressing the challenges posed by climate change in Irish agriculture. Climate change alters weather patterns and increases the frequency of extreme events, which heightens pest pressures and diminishes the effectiveness of traditional pest control methods.</p><p> Resistant crop varieties adapted to changing climate conditions help mitigate these impacts by reducing crop vulnerability to pests, ensuring stable yields despite environmental fluctuations. Moreover, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides through IPM practices minimises environmental risks associated with pesticide use, such as runoff and greenhouse gas emissions. These strategies also enhance farm resilience by diversifying pest management approaches, integrating natural predators, and promoting biodiversity conservation. By adopting IPM strategies, Irish farmers not only manage pest populations effectively but also contribute to sustainable agricultural practices that support long-term resilience and productivity in the face of climate change.</p><h3>Water Management</h3><p>Water availability in Ireland is becoming more precarious due to climate change, which is altering rainfall patterns and increasing the frequency of droughts. Irregular rainfall and prolonged dry spells are now more common, posing significant challenges to water resources critical for agriculture. For example, some regions have experienced a 20% increase in intense rainfall episodes over the past few decades. Additionally, in 2018, Ireland endured one of its most prolonged droughts on record during the summer. This drought had a substantial impact on water resources, leading to reservoir levels dropping by up to 40% in certain areas.</p><p>Efficient water management practices are therefore paramount to ensuring sustainable crop production and safeguarding agricultural livelihoods. Farmers must implement strategies such as rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation systems, and soil moisture monitoring to optimise water use efficiency. These measures not only mitigate the impacts of erratic rainfall but also help maintain soil moisture levels critical for crop health and yield stability. By prioritising effective water management, Irish farmers can enhance resilience against climate-induced water scarcity and sustain agricultural productivity in a changing climate.</p><figure id="figure-4lv024tdytlymwfidy" class=""><img id="4lv024tdytlymwfidy" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1350067926/photo/flooded-farmland-due-to-heavy-autumn-rainfall.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=H-68BXrJEtcpbMuKBzNOLV6SpDGgiwd3nREZISQLWno=" alt="Flooded farmland due to heavy autumn rainfall" title="Flooded farmland due to heavy autumn rainfall" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1350067926/photo/flooded-farmland-due-to-heavy-autumn-rainfall.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=H-68BXrJEtcpbMuKBzNOLV6SpDGgiwd3nREZISQLWno=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Climate change presents significant challenges to Irish farming, affecting how farmers manage their crops.&nbsp; With unpredictable weather patterns, including more frequent storms and droughts, traditional farming methods are being disrupted. Rising temperatures are also changing when and where crops can be grown effectively in Ireland.</p><p>To adapt, Irish farmers are adopting sustainable practices and exploring new crop varieties that can withstand these challenges. Their efforts are crucial for ensuring farms remain productive and sustainable amidst a changing climate. By taking proactive steps and adjusting to these environmental shifts, farmers are not only protecting their livelihoods but also securing the future of Irish agriculture.</p><p><br></p><p>*By Anne Hayden MSc., Founder, The Informed Farmer Consultancy.<br>&nbsp;</p>

Adapting to Change: How Climate Change Impacts Farming Practices

<h3>Introduction&nbsp;</h3><p>Ireland takes great pride in its agricultural traditions, which are deeply woven into the fabric of its fertile lands and favorable climate. The farming industries, built over generations, are not just diverse but also essential pillars of the country's economy. In this blog three of Ireland's primary agricultural sectors will be explored, these being: Dairy, Beef, and Crop Production.</p><h3>Dairy Farming</h3><p>Dairy farming stands as the largest agricultural sector in Ireland, with dairy exports valued at approximately €5 billion, making it a pivotal contributor to the nation's economy.</p><p>Irish dairy farmers take immense pride in producing large quantities of high-quality milk, cheese, and butter. Every year, they produce around 8 billion liters of milk, which speaks volumes about the industry's scale and efficiency. This success can be attributed not only to the dedication of the farmers but also to Ireland's mild climate and lush green pastures, where cows can graze freely for most of the year, producing rich and nutritious milk.<br>&nbsp;</p><p>The quality and taste of Irish dairy products are celebrated worldwide. These products are exported to numerous countries, with significant markets in the EU, the UK, and farther afield in China and the United States. This global demand highlights the premium reputation of Irish dairy. Prominent Irish dairy companies include Glanbia and Kerrygold. Glanbia is a giant in the industry, with a market value of about €5 billion. It produces a wide range of dairy products, including cheese and nutritional ingredients, and has a strong international presence. Kerrygold's (now owned by Ornua) products are a staple in homes worldwide and the companies revenue surpasses €2 billion, underscoring the brand's popularity and success. Both companies speak to the success of the industry as a major global player.</p><figure id="figure-4ecwloxv0llymt7jid"><img id="4ecwloxv0llymt7jid" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/875237222/photo/they-love-their-milk.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=Qu4QnvkiO-e56oCZ99ljmAFvEV3xY9hIWIi7YdJRdvI=" alt="They love their milk" title="They love their milk" class="object-cover bg-gray-100" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/875237222/photo/they-love-their-milk.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=Qu4QnvkiO-e56oCZ99ljmAFvEV3xY9hIWIi7YdJRdvI=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Beef Production</h3><p>Beef production is another cornerstone of Ireland's agricultural sector, with the country standing as one of the largest beef exporters in Europe. Valued at approximately €2.5 billion annually, beef exports play a vital role in the Irish economy, providing significant revenue and employment opportunities.</p><p>In Ireland, there are around 6.6 million cattle, outnumbering the human population, showcasing the sheer scale and importance of beef farming. Again, this abundance of cattle reflects Ireland's rich green pastures and mild climate, ideal for raising cattle that graze freely for most of the year. These conditions contribute to the exceptional quality and flavor of Irish beef. Moreover, cattle in Ireland are predominantly grass-fed, which not only enhances the meat's flavor but also supports sustainable farming practices that respect the environment.</p><p>Internationally, Irish beef is highly regarded and sought after in markets across Europe, the United States, and beyond. This global demand not only underscores the quality of Irish beef but also provides vital support for the livelihoods of countless farmers and communities involved in the industry.<br>&nbsp;<br></p><figure id="figure-ilvro5yxmrlymt7l9m"><img id="ilvro5yxmrlymt7l9m" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1588646259/photo/cattle-herd-on-green-fields-walking-at-sunny-summer-day.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=1d3bYZ8sS_aMeRk-wlcxOXHA1qccrknBedvo6IumQmQ=" alt="Cattle herd on green fields walking at sunny summer day" title="Cattle herd on green fields walking at sunny summer day" class="object-cover bg-gray-100" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1588646259/photo/cattle-herd-on-green-fields-walking-at-sunny-summer-day.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=1d3bYZ8sS_aMeRk-wlcxOXHA1qccrknBedvo6IumQmQ=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Cereal and Crop Production</h3><p>Crop production is vital for Ireland's agriculture. Across approximately 300,000 hectares of fertile land, Irish farmers cultivate a variety of crops that play essential roles in both local cuisine and international markets.</p><p>Barley takes center stage as one of the largest crops, covering vast fields across the country. It serves a dual purpose: providing nutritious feed for livestock and serving as a crucial ingredient in the brewing industry. Each year, Irish farmers dedicate over 100,000 hectares to barley cultivation, ensuring a steady supply for both animal husbandry and the production of Irish beers. Each year, over 1.8 million tonnes are produced.</p><p>Wheat, though cultivated on a smaller scale (1.2 millon tonnes annually) , is prized for its role in producing flour which is used in baking. Oats, renowned for their health benefits, also thrive in Ireland's climate, contributing to the production of wholesome breakfast cereals and nutritious oat-based products. Although quantity is much less, with 200,000 tonnes harvested yearly.</p><p>Laslty, potatoes are deeply cherished in Irish culture and cuisine, with around 400,000 tonnes harvested each year. They feature prominently in a wide array of dishes. Their cultivation not only preserves cherished local food traditions but also bolsters food security and resilience throughout Ireland.<br>&nbsp;<br></p><figure id="figure-frdw3zfkzo5lymt7ob4"><img id="frdw3zfkzo5lymt7ob4" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1295331500/photo/aerial-view-of-combine-harvester-at-work-in-a-field-county-wicklow.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=rIiH3SAfpEUmYncikEzhQmAllmNtlhtu9vh3uSQneck=" alt="Aerial View of Combine Harvester at Work in a Field, County Wicklow" title="Aerial View of Combine Harvester at Work in a Field, County Wicklow" class="object-cover bg-gray-100" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1295331500/photo/aerial-view-of-combine-harvester-at-work-in-a-field-county-wicklow.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=rIiH3SAfpEUmYncikEzhQmAllmNtlhtu9vh3uSQneck=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In Ireland, agriculture is a cornerstone of the economy, supported by thriving sectors such as dairy and beef farming. Dairy farming leads the way with exports valued at €5 billion annually, producing 8 billion liters of milk known for its top quality thanks to Ireland's lush pastures and mild climate. Companies like Glanbia and Kerrygold are key players in global markets. Beef production, valued at €2.5 billion, benefits from Ireland's vast green fields, home to 6.6 million cattle that provide high-quality, grass-fed beef. Barley, wheat, oats, and potatoes further enrich Irish agriculture, ensuring food security and cultural traditions with their diverse contributions to both domestic and international markets. Overall, Ireland's agricultural strength lies in its quality products, sustainable practices, and significant global impact.</p><p><br></p><p>*By Anne Hayden MSc., Founder, The Informed Farmer Consultancy.<br>&nbsp;</p>

Ireland's Leading Farming Industries: An Overview

<h3>Introduction to Agriculture Consulting</h3><p>Farmers in Ireland face numerous challenges, including fluctuating prices, unpredictable weather, strict regulations, and the need to adopt sustainable practices. Agricultural consultants play a crucial role in addressing these issues by providing expert guidance and support.</p><p>So, you might be thinking to yourself, what do agricultiural consultants actually do? Well, agriculture consultants are professionals who help farmers improve their operations, increase productivity, and ensure sustainable practices. They offer advisory services on crop and livestock management, financial planning, regulatory compliance, and sustainability. Consultants guide farmers in choosing the best crops, managing pests, improving livestock welfare, and accessing financial support such as grants and loans. They help ensure compliance with environmental and food safety regulations and promote sustainable farming practices like conservation, tillage, and organic farming. Additionally, consultants assist in integrating advanced technologies like precision agriculture and data analytics, providing market insights, and developing value-added products. By enhancing efficiency, productivity, financial stability, and sustainability, agriculture consultants play a crucial role in the success of modern farming operations. Below, you'll find a few key examples sharing the benefits of working with agricultural consultants.&nbsp;</p><h3>Why Choose Agriculture Consulting?</h3><p>Consultants bring extensive knowledge and experience, which is crucial for farmers navigating today's complex agricultural environment. They provide expert advice, helping farmers make informed decisions to improve operations and boost yields. For instance, agricultural consultants support over 55,000 Irish farmers, guiding them through market changes, regulatory requirements, and the adoption of new technologies.</p><p>As mentioned, agricultural consultants provide significant benefits to farmers, enhancing various aspects of their operations. Precision agriculture supported by consultants can increase crop yields by 20%, while the efficient use of inputs like water and fertilisers can reduce costs by 15%. Additionally, 70% of farmers using consultants successfully access EU and national funding schemes. Consultants also help farmers adopt sustainable practices, with those following such advice reporting a 25% improvement in soil health. Furthermore, 90% of farmers with consultant support meet regulatory requirements more efficiently. These statistics underscore the critical role consultants play in boosting productivity, reducing costs, securing funding, improving sustainability, and ensuring compliance in the agricultural sector.</p><figure id="figure-9lgxyirp0blyd1h1ej" class=""><img id="9lgxyirp0blyd1h1ej" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1074640196/photo/cows-grazing-in-ireland.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=FJJht4PtpoDw6l1J1SxFXYo3sTDRubowOw-Y8xLq6w4=" alt="Cows grazing in Ireland" title="Cows grazing in Ireland" class="object-cover bg-gray-100" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1074640196/photo/cows-grazing-in-ireland.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=FJJht4PtpoDw6l1J1SxFXYo3sTDRubowOw-Y8xLq6w4=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Some Success Stories&nbsp;</h3><p>Farmers in Ireland have significantly benefited from the expertise of agricultural consultants. For example, the O'Connell Family Dairy Farm in County Cork, struggling with high production costs and low milk yields, saw a 25% increase in milk yield and a 15% reduction in feed costs within a year after adopting precision farming techniques recommended by consultants. Similarly, the Murphy Organic Farm in County Galway successfully transitioned to organic farming, improving crop yields and increasing income by 30% through access to premium markets. </p><p>In County Tipperary, the Kelly Beef Farm expanded its herd by 40% and increased beef production by 35% after consultants helped secure funding and improve herd management. The Byrne Family Farm in County Meath reduced energy costs by 50% and enhanced soil health by installing solar panels and adopting sustainable practices. Finally, the Walsh Farm in County Kerry diversified its income by developing agri-tourism activities, which provided financial stability and increased its local profile. These examples illustrate how agricultural consultants can help Irish farmers overcome challenges, improve operations, and achieve sustainable growth.</p><figure id="figure-ns0qmryqdlyd1h5u9" class=""><img id="ns0qmryqdlyd1h5u9" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1271210827/photo/metal-gate-rural-lane-edged-by-hedges-leading-towards-mountains-in-the-distance.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=EQdbi42TGzV-vuLT2H3B1q7QuBVXboUExVPFLx3JAoU=" alt="Metal gate Rural lane, edged by hedges, leading towards mountains in the distance" title="Metal gate Rural lane, edged by hedges, leading towards mountains in the distance" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1271210827/photo/metal-gate-rural-lane-edged-by-hedges-leading-towards-mountains-in-the-distance.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=EQdbi42TGzV-vuLT2H3B1q7QuBVXboUExVPFLx3JAoU=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Concluding Remarks&nbsp;</h3><p>In conclusion, agricultural consultants are invaluable partners for farmers in Ireland, guiding them through the many challenges they face today. With their expert advice and personalised solutions, consultants help farmers improve their operations, boost productivity, and embrace sustainable practices. For instance, they provide insights on optimising crop and livestock management, navigating complex regulations, and accessing crucial financial support. The success stories of different farms highlight just how beneficial consulting services can be, leading to higher yields, lower costs, better financial health, and easier compliance with regulations. By introducing advanced technologies and sustainable practices, consultants help farmers stay ahead in a competitive market. Thanks to their extensive knowledge and experience, agricultural consultants are essential for ensuring the long-term success and sustainability of farming, making a real difference in the agricultural community and contributing significantly to the overall growth and resilience of the sector.</p><p><br></p><p>*By Anne Hayden MSc., Founder, The Informed Farmer Consultancy.</p>

Maximising Profitability with Expert Agriculture Consulting in Ireland

<h3>Introduction&nbsp;</h3><p>Irish agriculture has come a long way in recent decades, adapting to new challenges and embracing innovative solutions. One area that has seen particularly exciting changes is pest and disease management. Thanks to advancements in technology, research, and a deeper understanding of sustainable practices, Irish farmers are now better equipped than ever to protect their crops and ensure the health of their farms. </p><p>This article will draw particular focus to Intergrated Pest Managment (IPM) and tehcnological advancements as they have proven to be the most effective strategies in modern agricultre.&nbsp;</p><h3>Early Methods of Pest Control</h3><p>In the past, specifically the mid 20th century to the early 21st century, pest control on Irish farms primarily relied on traditional methods and widespread use of chemical pesticides. Farmers often used broad-spectrum insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides to tackle various pests and diseases, applying these chemicals across entire fields without precise targeting. This approach, while effective in the short term, often led to negative side effects such as the development of pesticide-resistant pests, destruction of beneficial insects, and contamination of soil and water resources. For example, it has been estimated that up to 90% of the applied pesticides can miss their target pests, impacting non-target species and the environment. Additionally, cultural practices such as crop rotation and manual removal of pests were also common but labor-intensive and less effective against large infestations. Crop rotation, although beneficial for soil health, did not always provide sufficient control over persistent pests and diseases. </p><p>The focus during this period was largely on immediate pest eradication rather than long-term ecological balance, which sometimes resulted in unintended consequences for farm ecosystems and human health. Studies have shown that pesticide exposure can lead to significant health risks for farmers, with increased incidents of respiratory problems and skin conditions reported in farming communities. These early methods underscore the need for the more sustainable and precise pest management practices that have since been developed.<br></p><figure id="figure-j8p15r7eflyd2zegp" class=""><img id="j8p15r7eflyd2zegp" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1143565189/photo/tractor-spraying-herbicide-over-wheat-field-with-sprayer.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=VExs3rldzPc4EfzC_7190Y2TakQBhcE7kpg5meIjKrU=" alt="Tractor spraying herbicide over wheat field with sprayer" title="Tractor spraying herbicide over wheat field with sprayer" class="object-cover bg-gray-100" style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1143565189/photo/tractor-spraying-herbicide-over-wheat-field-with-sprayer.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=VExs3rldzPc4EfzC_7190Y2TakQBhcE7kpg5meIjKrU=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Integrated Pest Management (IPM)</h3><p>&nbsp;<br>Recognising the significant drawbacks of traditional pest control methods, including environmental harm and health risks, the agricultural sector has increasingly turned to more sustainable and effective strategies. One of the most promising developments in this area is Integrated Pest Management (IPM). This approach represents a major shift from the reliance on chemical pesticides, focusing instead on a combination of techniques that work together to manage pest populations in a more balanced and environmentally friendly way. IPM is designed to reduce the adverse impacts of pest control measures while ensuring that crops remain healthy and productive. It embodies a holistic view of agriculture, aiming not only to control pests but also to enhance the overall resilience and sustainability of farming systems.</p><p>It starts with regular monitoring and accurate identification of pests to ensure treatments are used only when necessary, cutting down on excessive chemical use. Biological methods, like introducing natural predators or parasites, play a crucial role in IPM. For example, ladybugs and specific types of nematodes help control aphids and soil pests. Moreover, when chemical controls are needed, IPM favors targeted, lower-risk pesticides that are less harmful to non-target species and the environment.</p><p>The benefits of adopting IPM are significant. Studies show that farms using IPM can cut pesticide use by 50% or more without sacrificing crop yields. Additionally, IPM improves biodiversity and soil health, creating a more resilient farming system. This shift towards IPM reflects a broader commitment to sustainable agriculture, driven by regulatory requirements and growing consumer demand for eco-friendly farming practices.</p><figure id="figure-capdxuxj0ilyd4ps57"><img id="capdxuxj0ilyd4ps57" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1486882881/photo/japanese-beetle-eating-leaf-of-soybean-plant-agriculture-insects-pest-control-and-crop-damage.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=eg2xNB1-bE-MxPVajRnxvTxwsymgnDZMUH4Tv9L4DBQ=" alt="Japanese beetle eating leaf of soybean plant. Agriculture insects, pest control and crop damage concept." title="Japanese beetle eating leaf of soybean plant. Agriculture insects, pest control and crop damage concept." class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1486882881/photo/japanese-beetle-eating-leaf-of-soybean-plant-agriculture-insects-pest-control-and-crop-damage.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=eg2xNB1-bE-MxPVajRnxvTxwsymgnDZMUH4Tv9L4DBQ=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Advancements in Technology</h3><p>Technology has played a crucial role in the evolution of pest and disease management. Modern tools like drones and sensors have revolutionised how farmers monitor their fields, providing them with more accurate and timely data. These tools offer real-time information on pest populations, crop health, soil moisture levels, and other critical variables, enabling farmers to make informed decisions quickly.</p><p>Drones with &nbsp;thermal cameras can quickly survey large areas, pinpointing pest infestations and disease outbreaks with great accuracy. This bird's-eye view helps farmers spot issues early, often before they can be seen with the naked eye, allowing for timely intervention. For instance, Irish farms using drones equipped with multispectral and thermal cameras have reported a 20% increase in the early detection of pest infestations and crop diseases and a 15% reduction in crop losses due to timely interventions.</p><p>Meanwhile, sensors in fields can continuously monitor environmental conditions and send data directly to farmers' smartphones or computers. This constant flow of information helps farmers understand the changing conditions in their fields, enabling quick and precise actions. Farms utilising these field sensors for continuous environmental monitoring have seen a 30% improvement in the accuracy of pest and disease forecasting. It has also helped farmers reduce pesticide usage by 25% by applying treatments only when necessary.</p><p>With real-time information, farmers can make smarter decisions about treatments, reducing widespread pesticide use. This targeted approach saves money, minimises environmental impact, and lowers chemical runoff, reducing the risk of pesticide-resistant pests.</p><p><br data-mce-bogus="1"></p><figure id="figure-ltd75za8bvclyd4siqp"><img id="ltd75za8bvclyd4siqp" src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1302200957/photo/drone-spraying-pesticide-on-wheat-field.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=cAisgnHjv7ss-T_miu7AR7k9ag7z9YssOr7nw7WdEHw=" alt="Drone spraying pesticide on wheat field." title="Drone spraying pesticide on wheat field." class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://media.gettyimages.com/id/1302200957/photo/drone-spraying-pesticide-on-wheat-field.jpg?b=1&amp;s=2048x2048&amp;w=0&amp;k=20&amp;c=cAisgnHjv7ss-T_miu7AR7k9ag7z9YssOr7nw7WdEHw=" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Conclusion&nbsp;</h3><p>In conclusion, Irish agriculture has greatly improved pest and disease management by adopting Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and modern technology. Initially, heavy use of chemical pesticides caused environmental and health issues. Today, IPM uses a mix of methods to reduce pesticide reliance and boost farm health. New technologies like drones and sensors give farmers real-time data to make better decisions, cutting pesticide use and saving money. These advancements not only protect crops but also promote a healthier environment, helping farmers meet the demands of productivity and sustainability.</p><p><br></p><p>*By Anne Hayden MSc., Founder, The Informed Farmer Consultancy.</p>

The Evolution of Pest and Disease Management in Irish Farming

Example of Irish Dry Stone Walls in the Mountains of Mourne, County Down, Northern Ireland 

<h3>The Role of Agriculture Education in Ireland</h3><p>Teaching agriculture in Ireland is essential. It helps students grasp the importance of farming and food production, shaping the industry's future from secondary school through to higher education.</p><p>In secondary schools, students learn the basics of farming, including crop production, animal care/management, and sustainable practices. This early exposure helps them appreciate the effort behind food production and opens up career opportunities in agriculture. For example, over 20,000 students in Ireland take agricultural science at the Leaving Certificate level each year, highlighting its popularity and relevance .</p><p>Higher education institutions like University College Dublin (UCD) and the University of Limerick offer specialised programs in agricultural science, horticulture, and more. These programs provide advanced knowledge and skills, preparing students for leadership roles in the agricultural sector. UCD, for instance, enrolls over 1,500 students in its agricultural and food science programs annually .</p><p>Statistics show that Ireland's agri-food sector employs about 8.5% of the total workforce, emphasising the need for a well-educated workforce to sustain and grow this vital industry​. Agricultural education not only prepares students for various careers but also fosters innovation and sustainability, ensuring the long-term viability of farming in Ireland.</p><figure id="figure-iv3y76aqlly2wskcu" class=""><img id="iv3y76aqlly2wskcu" src="https://cdn.durable.co/shutterstock/3rQalPmIyaJO1eHxUnbXz7qAuSTxRsPE0PdrRTxRqdhK9rss8v7Lafc4S2p6KPBo.jpeg" alt="Three cow in a pasture in the Irish countryside on a cloudy day in Galway County" title="Three cow in a pasture in the Irish countryside on a cloudy day in Galway County" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/shutterstock/10lOjlr0FudfC91ZzBZ7iTN066UbnfvKiR7jl7WBSUjf5cJaxJigz1r0ivjwAszb.jpeg" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Benefits of Agriculture Education</h3><p>Agriculture education offers many benefits that are crucial for the farming industry. It equips students with practical skills like farm management, crop production, and animal/livestock care. These skills are essential for anyone looking to enter farming, providing a solid foundation for running agricultural operations efficiently.</p><p>Students also learn about sustainable farming practices, which helps them understand the importance of preserving natural resources. They gain knowledge about crop rotation, organic farming, and conservation techniques, which are vital for creating a sustainable future. This education fosters environmental awareness and prepares students to implement eco-friendly strategies in their farming practices.</p><h3>Transition to Third-Level Education</h3><p>As students advance to higher education, agricultural courses become more specialised. Universities and colleges offer degrees in fields like agronomy, animal science, and agricultural engineering, providing in-depth knowledge and advanced skills essential for modern farming.</p><p>For instance, agronomy students learn about soil management, plant genetics, and sustainable farming techniques. In animal science, students study animal nutrition, health, and welfare. Agricultural engineering students focus on designing and managing farm machinery and systems.</p><p>These courses are crucial as agriculture is a key sector in Ireland. The agri-food sector accounts for 7.8% of Ireland's gross national income (GNI) and employs about 173,000 people across the country​​. Additionally, agricultural exports were valued at €14.5 billion in 2022, underscoring the sector's economic importance .</p><figure id="figure-l9zcjsqqoly2wsnkz"><img id="l9zcjsqqoly2wsnkz" src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1643199021361-c2fd68cd5571?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wyNjI5NjF8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyNXx8dW5pdmVyc2l0eSUyMGxlY3R1cmV8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzE5ODM0MDYyfDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" alt="university lecture" title="university lecture" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1643199021361-c2fd68cd5571?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wyNjI5NjF8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyNXx8dW5pdmVyc2l0eSUyMGxlY3R1cmV8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzE5ODM0MDYyfDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Career Opportunities in Agriculture</h3><p>Agriculture education offers a wide range of career opportunities. Graduates can become farm managers, who oversee daily farm operations such as crop planting and harvesting, livestock care, financial management, and equipment maintenance. They can also work as agricultural consultants, using their specialised knowledge to improve farm productivity and profitability whilst ensuring environmental compliance. Alternatively, they can pursue careers as researchers in universities, government agencies, or private companies, where they conduct experiments, analyse data, and publish findings to advance agricultural science.</p><p>Graduates can also pursue careers in agribusiness, which involves managing the business aspects of agricultural production, processing, and distribution. Additionally, they can work in food production roles focused on food safety, quality control, and processing. Another career path is environmental conservation, which includes policy development, conservation planning, and sustainable land management.</p><figure id="figure-9wur65bcylly2wspdg" class="selected"><img id="9wur65bcylly2wspdg" src="https://cdn.durable.co/shutterstock/36e6olXcnsTfMA1QrfhQ7vtr3WcDtcCv3LBN1e7TkUEGsBLuLCIxj5YYGj07yTds.jpeg" alt="View of landscapes of Ireland, Irish countryside with fields and emerald meadows" title="View of landscapes of Ireland, Irish countryside with fields and emerald meadows" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="null" data-positiony="null" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/shutterstock/36e6olXcnsTfMA1QrfhQ7vtr3WcDtcCv3LBN1e7TkUEGsBLuLCIxj5YYGj07yTds.jpeg" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure><h3>Supporting the Agriculture Sector</h3><p>By teaching agriculture, we support the sector. Educated individuals can make more informed decisions. They can implement sustainable practices and improve productivity. This benefits not only the agriculture sector but also the entire country.</p><p>In conclusion, agriculture education is vital for Ireland. It provides students with essential skills and knowledge, it prepares them for rewarding careers in the agriculture sector but most importantly, it helps create a sustainable future for all.</p><p><br></p><p>*By Anne Hayden MSc., Founder, The Informed Farmer Consultancy.</p>

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